Sie befinden sich aktuell in den Balkanforum Balkanblog.org Blog-Archiven für den folgenden Tag 29.8.2010.
- Balkan (1679)
- Balkan (Englisch) (1286)
- Economy - Wirtschaft (770)
- Geschichte - History (653)
- Kosovo-Albanien (Albanian) (325)
- Kultur - Sport (305)
- Welt News Spezial (1126)
- 22.2.2012: Balkan Countries Work To Round Up Privately Held Guns, Ammunition
- 21.2.2012: Rund um die Albanischen Militär Einsätze im Ausland, wo der Irak die Albanischen Militärs in 2009 raus warf
- 21.2.2012: Shooting in Afghanistan continues deadly trend
- 21.2.2012: Aktuell: Export Schlager Modell der Mafia Regierung Salih Berisha - Ilir Meta: Drogen - Cannabis
- 21.2.2012: Balkan Spezial Reports: ISSA - GIS --- Illegal German Weapons to Croatia and Bosnia and (Kosovo)
- 20.2.2012: Situatë e vështirë e kthimit të pronave në Shqipëri
- 20.2.2012: Alles vor 10 Jahren bekannt: Das Wirtschafts Desaster der USA und der wertlose $
- 20.2.2012: Mit allen Mitteln will der Kosovo, den Kandidaten Status von Serbien verhindern
- 19.2.2012: NATO - Afghan drug war debacle: invade but 10 years on heroin production is up from 185 tons a year to 5,800
- 19.2.2012: Balkan corruption: Mercedes-Benz sends a message to Kosovo on corruption
Balkan
- "Sacra Corona Unita"
- 1999 NATO Terror
- AA : FAZ Artikel über die Botschaft Tirana
- Albaner Mazedonien
- Albania Blood Feud
- Albania.de
- Albania: Fishery Directorate
- Albanian Info
- Albanian Mafia and Western Corruption
- Albanian Passport
- Albanien Aufbau Hilfe
- Albanien news
- Albanischer Tourismus Betrug - Shqiperise Turizmi qe mashtron
- Albanopolis
- Albert Rohan im Balkan
- Albin Kurti - und die Terroristen Nazis
- Altin Raxhimi
- ARD - Kosovo Krieg: "Es begann mit einer Lüge"
- Balkan Drogen Kartelle
- Balkan Quellen
- Balkan Stabilitäts Pakt
- Berlinwasser Albanien
- Bin Laden’s Balkan Connections
- Bin Laden’s Balkan Connections
- BND Bericht Kosovo 2005
- BND Kosovo Debakel
- BND Report 2007
- BND Skandal Kosovo
- Bodo Hombach
- Bodo Hombach Partner der Super Balkan Mafia
- Bosnia and Islam Terrorist
- CIA - Hisbolla - arms
- CIA: Waffen - Drogen
- Damir Fazllic - Bin Laden
- Deutsche Bestechungs Firmen
- Deutsche Botschaft Tirana und die Mafia
- Dick Marty
- Die Balkan Mafia
- Die Berlinwasser Mafia
- Die Morde um die Deutschen Diplomaten Mafia
- Doris Pack - Kosovo
- EULEX Mission Kosovo
- Fatmir Limaj Mafia
- Franz-Josef Hutsch
- Gallup Balkan-Monitor
- General Mackenzie: Kosovo TV Video
- GIS Balkan Spezial
- GIS US Heroin
- Griechenland - Pleite
- Hashim Thaci Partner von Bin Laden
- Hashim Thaçi – die Eagle Security
- Hitler's Gross Albanien
- IDA Weltbank Chairman Werner Kienle, Mentor der Land Mafia
- IEP Militär Analyse
- Ilir Meta und die Skrapar Bande
- Ivo Visković - Interview
- Jo Biden + Vlore Mafia
- Jo Biden Kosovo
- KfW Albanien
- Kinderhaus Tirana
- Kosovo - Mafiastan
- Kosovo culture
- Kosovo Kriegs Inzenierung
- Kosovo Terroristen Liste
- Kosovo: Die Mafia als Staat
- Kosovo: Europas Mafia State
- Kroatien - EU
- Lobbyisten und NGO's
- Mafia Boss: Pjerin Ndreu
- Mafia Botschaft in Tirana
- Mafia Kinderhilfe Krankenhaus von Doris Schröder-Köpf
- Max Strauss Geschäfte
- Mercedes - VW - Balkan Mafia
- MIA Mazedonische News
- Miroslav Lajcák Interview
- Mjaft - Lubonja
- Monte - CIA - Tuzi Drug Mafia
- Montenegro Mafia
- Morde der "DRENICA" Bande in Durres
- Naser Kelmendi Clan
- NATO - Drug Kartell
- NATO - Kosovo 1999
- NATO Cooperation mit der Mafia
- NATO Geheimpapiere Kosovo
- NATO und der Bruch des Völkerrechts
- NATO-Setimes
- Nesselhauf der Anwalt der Albaner Mafia
- Ombudsmann Marek Antoni Nowicki
- Organisierte Kriminalität in Kosovo
- PAMECA
- PM Salih Berisha über die Albaner Mafia
- Sabit Geci Mafia Clan
- Sabri Kiqmari Kosovo Botschafter
- Serbian Reports
- Serbische Nachrichten
- Serbischer Befreiungs Kampf gegen die Besatzer im Kosovo
- SPD und die Albaner Mafia
- Srebrenica Research Group
- SSEES Uni
- Tanja Fajon
- Task Force Einsatz in Albanien
- The Criminalization of the State
- Top Mafia: Daut Kadriovski
- UCK - Altin Raxhimi
- UCK Folter Camps in Albanien
- Umwelt Tourismus Albanien
- UN - EU Mafia: Kosovo
- UN Mafia Kosovo Engl.
- UNDOC Drugs Report 2010 Balkan
- US Senat: The KLA: from 'Terrorists' to 'Partners'
- VELES Drogen Haupt Stadt Mazdeonien
- Vlore Mafia: Dashamir Tahiri
- Waffenlieferungen an Bosnien
- Wahl Debakel der FES in Albanien
- Wind Park Geschäfte
- Wolfgang Petrisch
- WSJ: EULEX - Kosovo
- Xavier Raufer
Balkan blogs
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- albanianblogger
- albanianboxing
- Albinfo
- Balkan Forum
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- balkanblick
- balkanblog
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- balkanleaks.eu/
- Balkanpeace.org
- Balkanupdate
- Ballkanblog - Blogactiv.eu
- Blog Dessau
- CIA Operations "ROOTS"
- Colonel Thomson
- croatiantimes
- Griechenland blog
- Igor Lukšić's Blog
- Julia Gorin
- Karl Kreibich blog
- kosovalbaner.com
- Kosovo blog
- Kosovo Blog - Enver
- Kosovo Info
- Kroatien blog
- Kroatischer News blog
- mazdakblog
- Mazedonien blog
- mazedonien-nachrichten
- Mero Baze
- Montenegro - Mafia
- newskosovo
- OfertaPuneFalas - Kosovo
- Pelagon-Mazedonien
- peratovic's blog
- Presheva
- reportingproject
- sajkaca.blogspot
- saktivista
- Serb Blog
- Sibel Edmond Blog
- stormfront forum
- Tiberiu Lovin blog
- Yacht Hafen Durres
Blogroll
- "Open Society"
- Ackermann
- Al Gore und Klima Schutz
- Albania.de
- Albania: culture of impunity
- Albanian Mafia and Western Corruption
- ARTE Video über die US Kriege
- Balkan economic
- Banker - Politiker - Bankrotteure
- Bau Mafia Albanien
- Berlinwasser und Justiz Mafia
- BND Report 2007
- Christoph Hörstel - Afghanistan
- CIA Operation Sarkozy
- Das Guttenberg-Dossier
- Deutsche Aussenpolitik
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- Dr. Ganser und Gladio
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- EU - Eliten
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- General Lewis Mackenzie
- German's Mafia State: Kosovo
- GRECO EU Report über korrupte Politiker
- Henry Kissinger der Massen Mörder
- IASF - NATO Service
- International Relations and Security Network (ISN)
- Interpol Ralf Mutschke
- Interpol Report - Crime
- Joschka Fischer inside
- Justiz-Sumpf Deutschland
- KfW Finanz System
- Lobby Control
- Lobby Mafia Deutschland
- Lushtaku Sami
- Mafia und die US Politik
- NATO secret 47 page pdf
- Neben Einkünfte Deutscher Politiker
- oraclesyndicate
- Pharma Industrie
- Pharma Mafia und korrupte Politik
- Pharma Mafia und Ulla Schmidt
- Prof. Hans-Joachim Selenz
- Prof. Selenz über die Justiz Politik Mafia
- Reporting Projekt
- Skrapari Bande und die Land Mafia
- SPD und die Pharma Mafia
- Srebrenica a West Mythos
- TI - TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL
- Tom Heheghan
- UN - EU Mafia: Kosovo
- UN Mafia Kosovo Engl.
- Wayne Madsen
- Wikileaks
- Wikileaks: US Mord Dokumente
- Zeit Fragen/ch
Grusel Kabinett
- "Ceka" Arkan's Frau
- "Ronni" Hoxha Mafia Clan
- Abdulselam Turgut
- Ackermann Bank Mafia
- Ali Ahmeti
- Ali Ahmeti und Bildung
- Atifete Jahjaga
- Bashkim Kopliku
- Bin Laden
- Boshkovski Lube
- Christian Schwarz-Schilling
- CIA Morde: an Erzbischof Oscar Romero
- Daut Kadriovski
- Deutsche Botschaft - SHIAK Drogen Mafia
- Donald Rumsfeld
- Dr. Shaip Muja
- Drugs - Patton Boggs - Frank Wisner
- EADS Eurofighter Bestechungs System
- Eliot Engel
- Erhard Bühler
- FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
- FES: Christoph Zöbel
- Florin Krasniqi
- Franz-Walter Steinmeier
- Gazmir Bizgha
- Georg Soros drug empire
- Gernot Erler
- Goran Hadzic
- Greenspan
- Gruevski Nikola
- Hashim Thaci
- Hashim Thaci
- Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD)
- Hekuran Hoxha - Deutsche Diplomaten
- Henry Kissinger
- Hillary Clinton
- Hillary Clinton PNAC
- Ilir Meta - Almir Rrapo
- Jo Biden
- John McCain
- Josef DioGuardio
- Kadri ‘SALI’ VESELI
- Libyen - NATO Massaker
- Lobby Mafia
- Lord Roberston - UCK
- Lulzim Basha
- Mafia Clan DP Party: Salih Berisha
- Mafia Freund: Jo Biden
- Mafia: Olldashi - Alibeaj - Lulzim Basha
- Medak Pocket Massacer
- NATO Geheimpapiere Kosovo
- NATo Luegen Libyen
- Roland Bartetzko
- Roland Koch
- Sahit Muja
- Salih Berisha Mafia
- Salih Berisha`s Drogen Boss in Lazarate
- Shajp Muja
- SHIK - Remzi Hoxha
- Shpresa Becaj
- Sigmar Gabriel (SPD)
- Staatsanwaltschaft Karge
- Strabag, Alpine, Hochtief
- Taxi Fahrer Joschka Fischer
- Ulla Schmidt (SPD)
- Ulrike Lunacek
- Umwelt Tourismus Albanien
- US Senator Eliot Engel
- Vangjush Dako
- Welt Drogen Boss Nr. 1 Frank Wisner
- Wesley Clark
- Wikileaks - Albanien
- Wolfgang Grossruck
- Xhavit Haliti
- Yhavit Halili
- Zani Causi - Tahiri Mafia
- ZDF - Doku Kosovo
World Spezial
- AIPAC - Israels Faschisten
- Bahrain - Morde
- Berlin Lobby und Top Mafia
- Bodansky Yossef
- CIA - Hisbolla - arms
- CNTV China Welt News
- Colonel Crosman - CIA und Terrorismus
- Cryptome
- Daniel Hopsicker
- Der BMZ Milliarden Betrug der SPD mit Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul und der Steinmeier Mafia
- Der Genozid durch Israel
- Die US Mord und Kriegs Maschine
- Engdahl: NATO Drogen System
- EU Präsidentschaft
- FAS Secret News
- Federation of American Scientists (FAS)
- Finanz Gangster
- Friedensforschung Uni Kassel
- fromthewilderness
- Georg Soros - Open Society
- Georg Soros Drogenhandel und die FES - SPD
- Globalpost
- Globalresearch
- Goldreporter
- Guttenberg Dossiers
- Harald Pflüger
- historycommons
- ICOS Think Tank Afghanistan - Irak
- Irak Krieg: General Hugh Shelton
- Irak Untersuchungsausschuss
- Iran - Wafffen - Hisbolla - Albanien
- Israel der Schrott Staat
- Israel-Verbrechen
- Jack Abramoff
- Klima Schwindel mit Al Gore
- Krysmanski,
- Le Monde diplomatique
- Libyen - NATO Massaker
- Mafia Land Deutschland
- Michael C. Ruppert
- Moslem Bruderschaft und CIA
- Mossad - Victor Ostrovsky
- Nachdenk Seiten
- NATO - Drogen - Karsai
- NeoCons Spezial Website
- RIAN News
- Rolling Stone
- Ron Paul
- Steinberg Recherche
- The Criminalization of the State
- theintelligence
- Unabhängige Medien
- Uni-Muenster Prof. Krysmanski
- USA als Sponsor des Terrorismus
- Video: Jürgen Roth
- Wikileaks
- World Medien Spezial
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Archive für 29.8.2010
Der Helden hafte Kampf der Freiheits Kämpfer gegen die NATO Terroristen
29.8.2010 by Lupo.
Es weiss sowieso jeder Bundeswehr Offizier, das man nur zum Schutz der Drogen Produktion, des Drogen Handels und der Drogen Verteilung über den Kosovo, dort die Bundes Wehr stationiert hat und verheizt.
US Politiker, wie Frank Wisner, Jo Biden mit seinen Freunden der Drogen Mafia Prominenz und Daniel Fried, spannen für diese Geschäfte die NATO ein, und die korrupten Deutschen Politiker, Lobby Firmen, Diplomaten, und Entwicklungs Helfer der Aufbau Mafia aus Eschborn, Bonn und Berlin machen da gerne mit. Man muss nicht bis nach Afghanistan sehen, sondern nur in den Balkan, was da Politiker, in den letzten 10 Jahren drehten.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
… Das Islamische Emirat von Afghanistan weist die Unterstellungen der Amerikaner zurück, die diese Lügen publizieren, um die Aufmerksamkeit der Leute von ihrer klaren und schändlichen Niederlage abzulenken. …
Was die Geschichte von Aisha betrifft, so hat das Islamische Emirat von Afghanistan diesen barbarischen, inhumanen und unislamischen Akt verurteilt und erklärt, dass dieser Fall niemals an irgendein Gericht oder eine Person des Islamischen Emirates von Afghanistan weitergeleitet wurden. …
Nach dem heiligen Islamischen Gesetz ist es verboten, Menschen die Ohren und die Nase abzuschneiden, gleich ob der Mensch tot oder lebendig ist. In vielen Hadithen von Mohammed - Friede sei mit ihm - wird deutlich gemacht, dass es verboten ist, Nasen, Ohren und Lippen eines toten Ungläubigen abzuschneiden, so wie kann das Islamische Emirat von Afghanistan diesen Akt vollbringen, besonders wo die Person, der das angetan wurde, lebendig und Moslem ist. Nach dem Gesetz der Sharia wird diesem Kriminellen, der solch eine gemeine Handlung verübt, als Strafe das gleiche angetan, wie was er verbrochen hat.
Wir sympathisieren mit unserer Schwester Aisha und nennen diese fürchterliche Handlung ein Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und gegen das islamische Gesetz. …
Soviel sei gesagt zu dieser dreisten Lüge der US-Propaganda. Und nun wollen wir mal einen Blick in die Realität Afghanistans werfen:
Wonach sieht das aus? Nach Feiglingen, die ihren Frauen die Nasen abschneiden? Oder nach einfachen und bitterarmen Menschen, die ihr Leben dafür riskieren und hergeben, eine Horde faschistischer Besatzungstruppen aus ihrer Heimat zu vertreiben? Diese Menschen kämpfen in ihrer Heimat um ihre Heimat, für eine Heimat, die frei ist von Massaker verübenden mörderischen radikal-kapitalistischen Besatzungstruppen aus den USA und Deutschland. Schauen wir uns noch ein Video an:
Zitat des Herrn Struck - Ex-Verteidigungs Minister: “wir dachten damals, das man nur max. 1 Jahr in Afghanstan ist” in einem Spiegel Interview.
Kommentar: Wenn kriminelle Geschäfte Macher, Lehrer, Dumm Leute Aussenpolitik betreiben, kommt halt Nichts Anderes heraus, wie solche dummen Sprüche.
USA und CIA, haben Taliban erschaffen und finanziert, mit noch mehr Videos u.a. von einem Holländischen Reporter, der mit den Freiheits Kämpfern unterwegs war, während kriminelle Berliner Politiker, War Lords, Drogen Bosse, Kriegs Verbrecher Schutz Gelder in Kundus zahlen.
Teil I, über den Helden haften Kampf der Freiheits Kämpfer, die sehr arm sind und ihre Heimat verteidigen.
Von oben bis unten korrupt, und pro Monat werden 1 Milliarde $ der Korruptions Gelder bzw. der unterschlagenen Gelder der Entwicklungs Hilfe, nach Dubai ausgeflogen. Angefangen von der Familie Karsai: vom CIA bezahlt und voll im Drogen Geschäft. Gut das man Joschka Fischer hatte, der solche Leute wie auch die Super Verbrecher im Balkan als “Reformer” ansah, was selbst Dämlichkeits Leute nie erkennen konnten. Aber was will man von einem Taxi Fahrer erwarten.
Nichts Neues an der Drogen Kampf Front, welche von der NATO und US Politikern dirigiert wird.
Sunday, August 29, 2010
Balkan based organized crime activities gaining ground
Aug 28, 2010
By Ioannis Michaletos | The United Nations International Narcotics Control Board released its annual report 2010 detailing the global drug trends and almost all European heroin originates in Afghanistan and is smuggled in through Turkey and the Balkans or via Central Asia and Russia.
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The US State Department International Strategy for Narcotics Control report, released on March 2010, says that the Balkan countries remain major transit points for Afghan heroin, while the war against traffickers is hampered by corruption and weak state institutions. According to the report, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina are used by narcotics traffickers to move Afghan heroin from Central Asia to destinations around Western Europe. To a lesser extent Romania and Montenegro are also considered as staging posts for traffickers. Apart from being an important transit country for heroin and cocaine, Bulgaria is also a producer of illicit narcotics, the report says. With its geographic position on Balkan transit routes, Bulgaria is vulnerable to illegal flows of drugs, people, contraband, and money….
http://serbianna.com/analysis/?p=679
Geschrieben in Balkan | 1 Kommentar »
1958-1976 - Albania and China and the serb occupation in 1919
29.8.2010 by ctstmaser.
Albania played a role in the Sino-Soviet conflict far outweighing either its size or its importance in the communist world. Hoxha and Shehu tapped the Albanians’ deep-seated fear of Yugoslav domination to remain in power during the thaw following the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union’s in 1956, when Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s crimes in his “secret speech.” Hoxha defended Stalin and blamed the Titoist heresy for the troubles vexing world communism, including the disturbances in Poland and the rebellion in Hungary in 1956. Hoxha mercilessly purged party moderates with pro-Soviet and pro-Yugoslav leanings, but he toned down his anti-Yugoslav rhetoric after an April 1957 trip to Moscow, where he won cancellation of about US$105 million in outstanding loans and about US$7.8 million in additional food assistance. By 1958, however, Hoxha was again complaining about Tito’s “fascism” and “genocide” against Albanians in Kosovo. By 1958 Albania stood with China in opposing Moscow on issues of peaceful coexistence, de-Stalinization, and Yugoslavia’s “separate road to socialism” through decentralization of economic life. The Soviet Union, other East European countries, and China all offered Albania large amounts of aid. Soviet leaders also promised to build a large Palace of Culture in Tiranë as a symbol of the Soviet people’s “love and friendship” for the Albanians. But despite these gestures, Tiranë was dissatisfied with Moscow’s economic policy toward Albania. Hoxha and Shehu apparently decided in May or June 1960 that Albania was assured of Chinese support, and they openly sided with China when sharp polemics erupted between China and the Soviet Union. Ramiz Alia, at the time a candidate-member of the Politburo and Hoxha’s adviser on ideological questions, played a prominent role in the rhetorical.
The Sino-Soviet split burst into the open in June 1960 at a Romanian Workers’ Party congress, at which Khrushchev attempted to secure condemnation of Beijing. Albania’s delegation, alone among the European delegations, supported the Chinese. The Soviet Union immediately retaliated by organizing a campaign to oust Hoxha and Shehu in the summer of 1960. Moscow cut promised grain deliveries to Albania during a drought, and the Soviet embassy in Tiranë overtly encouraged a pro-Soviet faction in the APL to speak out against the party’s pro-Chinese stand. Moscow also apparently involved itself in a plot within the APL to unseat Hoxha and Shehu by force. But given their tight control of the party machinery, army, and Shehu’s secret police, the Directorate of State Security (Drejtorija e Siguimit te Shtetit–Sigurimi), the two Albanian leaders easily parried the threat. Five pro-Soviet Albanian leaders were eventually tried and executed. China immediately began making up for the cancellation of Soviet wheat shipments despite a paucity of foreign currency and its own economic hardships.
Albania again sided with China when it launched an attack on the Soviet Union’s leadership of the international communist movement at the November 1960 Moscow conference of the world’s eighty-one communist parties. Hoxha inveighed against Khrushchev for encouraging Greek claims to southern Albania, sowing discord within the APL and army, and using economic blackmail. “Soviet rats were able to eat while the Albanian people were dying of hunger,” Hoxha railed, referring to purposely delayed Soviet grain deliveries. Communist leaders loyal to Moscow described Hoxha’s performance as “gangsterish” and “infantile,” and the speech extinguished any chance of an agreement between Moscow and Tiranë. For the next year, Albania played proxy for China. Pro-Soviet communist parties, reluctant to confront China directly, criticized Beijing by castigating Albania. China, for its part, frequently gave prominence to the Albanians’ fulminations against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, which Tiranë referred to as a “socialist hell.”
Hoxha and Shehu continued their harangue against the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia at the APL’s Fourth Party Congress in February 1961. During the congress, the Albanian government announced the broad outlines of the country’s Third Five-Year Plan (1961-65), which allocated 54 percent of all investment to industry, thereby rejecting Khrushchev’s wish to make Albania primarily an agricultural producer. Moscow responded by canceling aid programs and lines of credit for Albania, but the Chinese again came to the rescue. After additional sharp exchanges between Soviet and Chinese delegates over Albania at the Communist Party of the Soviet Union’s Twenty-Second Party Congress in October 1961, Khrushchev lambasted the Albanians for executing a pregnant, pro-Soviet member of the Albanian party Politburo, and the Soviet Union finally broke diplomatic relations with Albania in December. Moscow then withdrew all Soviet economic advisers and technicians from the country, including those at work on the Palace of Culture, and halted shipments of supplies and spare parts for equipment already in place in Albania. In addition, the Soviet Union continued to dismantle its naval installations on Sazan Island, a process that had begun even before the break in relations.
China again compensated Albania for the loss of Soviet economic support, supplying about 90 percent of the parts, foodstuffs, and other goods the Soviet Union had promised. Beijing lent the Albanians money on more favorable terms than Moscow, and, unlike Soviet advisers, Chinese technicians earned the same low pay as Albanian workers and lived in similar housing. China also presented Albania with a powerful radio transmission station from which Tiranë sang the praises of Stalin, Hoxha, and Mao Zedong for decades. For its part, Albania offered China a beachhead in Europe and acted as China’s chief spokesman at the UN. To Albania’s dismay, however, Chinese equipment and technicians were not nearly so sophisticated as the Soviet goods and advisers they replaced. Ironically, a language barrier even forced the Chinese and Albanian technicians to communicate in Russian. Albanians no longer took part in Warsaw Pact activities or Comecon agreements. The other East European communist nations, however, did not break diplomatic or trade links with Albania. In 1964 the Albanians went so far as to seize the empty Soviet embassy in Tiranë, and Albanian workers pressed on with construction of the Palace of Culture on their own.
The shift away from the Soviet Union wreaked havoc on Albania’s economy. Half of its imports and exports had been geared toward Soviet suppliers and markets, so the souring of Tiranë’s relations with Moscow brought Albania’s foreign trade to near collapse as China proved incapable of delivering promised machinery and equipment on time. The low productivity, flawed planning, poor workmanship, and inefficient management at Albanian enterprises became clear when Soviet and East European aid and advisers were withdrawn. In 1962 the Albanian government introduced an austerity program, appealing to the people to conserve resources, cut production costs, and abandon unnecessary investment.
In October 1964, Hoxha hailed Khrushchev’s fall from power, and the Soviet Union’s new leaders made overtures to Tiranë. It soon became clear, however, that the new Soviet leadership had no intention of changing basic policies to suit Albania, and relations failed to improve. Tiranë’s propaganda continued for decades to refer to Soviet officials as “treacherous revisionists” and “traitors to communism,” and in 1964 Hoxha said that Albania’s terms for reconciliation were a Soviet apology to Albania and reparations for damages inflicted on the country. Soviet-Albanian relations dipped to new lows after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, when Albania responded by officially withdrawing from the alliance.
1918-41 - INTERWAR ALBANIA
Albania achieved real statehood after World War I, in part because of the diplomatic intercession of the United States. The country suffered from debilitating lack of economic and social development, however, and its first years of independence were fraught with political instability. Unable to survive in a predatory world without a foreign protector, Albania became the object of tensions between Italy and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), which were both bent on controlling the country. With the kingdom’s military assistance, Ahmed Bey Zogu, the son of a clan chieftain, emerged victorious from an internal political power struggle in late 1924. Zogu, however, quickly turned his back on Belgrade and looked to Mussolini’s Italy for patronage. In 1928 Zogu coaxed the country’s parliament to declare Albania a kingdom and name him king. King Zog remained a hidebound conservative, and Albania was the only Balkan state where the government did not see fit to introduce a comprehensive land reform between the two world wars. Mussolini’s forces finally overthrew Zog when they occupied Albania in 1939.
Albania’s political confusion continued in the wake of World War I. The country lacked a single recognized government, and Albanians feared, with justification, that Greece, Yugoslavia, and Italy would succeed in extinguishing Albania’s independence and carve up the country. Italian forces controlled Albanian political activity in the areas they occupied. The Serbs, who largely dictated Yugoslavia’s foreign policy after World War I, strove to take over northern Albania, and the Greeks sought to control southern Albania. A delegation sent by a postwar Albanian National Assembly that met at Durrës in December 1918 defended Albanian interests at the Paris Peace Conference, but the conference denied Albania official representation. The National Assembly, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory.
In January 1919, the Serbs attacked the Albanian inhabitants of Gusinje and Plav with regular troops and artillery after the Albanians had appealed to Britain for protection. The Serb forces massacred some of the Albanians and forced about 35,000 people to flee to the Shkodër area. In Kosovo the Serbs subjected the Albanians to brutalities, stripped them of territory under the guise of land reform, and rewarded Serb colonists with homesteads. In response, Albanians continued guerrilla warfare in both Serbia and Montenegro.
In January 1920, at the Paris Peace Conference negotiators from France, Britain, and Greece agreed to divide Albania among Yugoslavia, Italy, and Greece as a diplomatic expedient aimed at finding a compromise solution to the territorial conflict between Italy and Yugoslavia. The deal was done behind the Albanians’ backs and in the absence of a United States negotiator.
Members of a second Albanian National Assembly held at Lushnjë in January 1920 rejected the partition plan and warned that Albanians would take up arms to defend their country’s independence and territorial integrity. The Lushnjë National Assembly appointed a four-man regency to rule the country. A bicameral parliament was also created, appointing members of its own ranks to an upper chamber, the Senate. An elected lower chamber, the Chamber of Deputies, had one deputy for every 12,000 people in Albania and one for the Albanian community in the United States. In February 1920, the government moved to Tiranë, which became Albania’s capital.
One month later, in March 1920, President Woodrow Wilson intervened to block the Paris agreement. The United States underscored its support for Albania’s independence by recognizing an official Albanian representative to Washington, and in December the League of Nations recognized Albania’s sovereignty by admitting it as a full member. The country’s borders, however, remained unsettled.
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ALBANIA UNDER PRINCE WIED

History of the Dutch Military Mission to Albania, 1913-1914
Albania was part of the Ottoman Empire from the age of the Turkish conquest of the southwestern Balkan Peninsula in about 1390-1400 to the final collapse of the once mighty realm, then known as the Sick Man of Europe, in 1912. In the course of these five centuries, most of the originally Christian population had converted to Islam and adopted the customs and lifestyle of the Orient. Albanians also made a substantial contribution to the Ottoman Empire. Many viziers, grand viziers (prime ministers) and high administrative and military figures ruling the Empire were of Albanian origin……………
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